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Introduction
Water and Salt Balance
Regulation of water balance
Dehydration
Hyptonic hydration
Oedema
The regulation of salt balance
Summary chapter 1
Kidney anatomy and histology – Introduction
Kidney anatomy and histology
The Nephrons
Nephron capillaries
Glomerulus
The juxtaglomerular apparatus
Kidney physiology
Glomerular filtration
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Aldosterone increases NA+ – absorption
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ absorption
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits Na+ absorption
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water absorption in the headers
Tubular secretion
Diuresis in diabetes
Urethra, bladder and urethra
Emptying the bladder
Summary chapter 2
Introduction of acid-based regulation
pH
The body’s pH regulatory mechanisms
The kidneys regulate pH levels
The buffer systems
Protein buffer system
Respiratory pH regulation
Alkalosis / acidosis
Summary chapter 3
Summary
